ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar si la interleucina-6 (IL-6) y la proteína C reactiva ultrasensible (PCRus) asociadas al péptido natriurético tipo B (BNP) son marcadores independientes de eventos en pacientes ambulatorios con insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducida (IC-FEr). Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyeron en forma prospectiva pacientes mayores de 65 años con IC-FEr controlados en forma ambulatoria. Se realizó la medición basal del BNP, la IL-6 y la PCRus. Se excluyeron los pacientes con IC posinfarto de miocardio reciente (<6 meses), con internación reciente (<3 meses) por un cuadro que pudiera aumentar los marcadores inflamatorios. Se consideró el punto final combinado de mortalidad de cualquier causa e internación por insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada (ICD). Resultados: Se incluyeron 130 pacientes de 75 ± 5 años, con FE de 33 ± 11%. Con un seguimiento de 450 ± 210 días, el punto final combinado se observó en el 31,5% (n = 41). En el análisis multivariado, el BNP elevado (>442 pg/ml) y la IL-6 elevada (>7,2 pg/ml) fueron predictores independientes del punto primario (HR 2,60 (IC95%: 1,14-5,9), p = 0,02 y HR 2,49 (IC95%: 1,08-5,7), p = 0,03, respectivamente), no así la PCRus (>6,9 mg/l), con p = 0,2. La IL-6 presentó un área bajo la curva (ABC) de 0,70, el BNP, de 0,73 y la PCRus de 0,63, sin diferencias significativas entre ellas. Conclusiones: El BNP y la IL-6 fueron marcadores independientes del punto final combinado, no así la PCRus. La capacidad de discriminación de la IL-6 y el BNP fue moderada.
ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess whether interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) associated with B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are independent markers of adverse events in outpatients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods: Patients older than 65 years of age with HFrEF who were followed-up on an outpatient basis were prospectively included. Baseline BNP, IL-6 and hsCRP levels were assessed. Patients with HF after recent myocardial infarction (<6 months), and recent hospitalization (<3 months) due to a condition that could increase inflammatory markers were excluded from the analysis. The composite endpoint was all-cause mortality and hospitalization for decompensated heart failure (DHF). Results: A total of 130 patients aged 75 ± 5 years and with EF of 33 ± 11% were included in the study. The composite endpoint was observed in 31.5% (n=41) of patients during a follow-up period of 450 ± 210 days. In the multivariate analysis, elevated BNP (>442 pg/ml) and elevated IL-6 (>7.2 pg/ml) were independent predictors of the primary endpoint [HR 2.60 (95% CI 1.14-5.9), p=0.02 and HR 2.49 (95% CI 1.08-5.7), p=0.03, respectively], but not hsCRP >6.9 mg/l, p=0.2. IL-6 presented an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.70, BNP 0.73 and hsPCR 0.63, without significant differences between them. Conclusions: BNP and IL-6 were independent markers of the composite endpoint, but not CRP. The discrimination ability of IL-6 and BNP was moderate.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: La resistencia a antiagregantes y el volumen plaquetario medio (VPM) son predictores de eventos en el síndrome coronario agudo (SCA). La asociación entre ambos ha sido poco estudiada. Objetivos: Evaluar si existe asociación entre la resistencia a la aspirina (AAS) e inhibidores del receptor P2Y12 (iP2Y12) y el VPM en pacientes mayores de 65 años con SCA. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 65 años con diagnóstico de SCA. Se dividieron en: grupo 1 (resistencia a ambos antiagregantes), grupo 2 (a uno de los antiagregantes) y grupo 3 (a ningún antiagregante). Se midió la agregación plaquetaria entre las 12 y 24 horas poscarga (por light transmission aggregometry). Se consideró resistencia a iP2Y12 a un porcentaje máximo de agregación (PMA) con ADP > 60% y a la AAS a un PMA con ARA > 20%. En el seguimiento se consi-deró el punto final combinado de muerte global y reinternación cardiovascular. Resultados: Se incluyeron 195 pacientes que recibieron AAS e iP2y12 (120 recibieron clopidogrel y 75 ticagrelor); grupo 1 (19%), grupo 2 (34,4%) y grupo 3 (46,6%). El VPM se asoció a la resistencia a ambos antiagregantes (OR 1,02 (IC 95% 1,01-1,05), p = 0,03. A su vez, el VPM y el GRACE fueron predictores independientes del punto combinado (HR 1,03 (IC 95% 1,01-1,07), p = 0,04 y HR 1,02 (IC 95% 1,01-1,04), p = 0,02), respectivamente. Conclusiones: El VPM se asoció a la presencia de resistencia a ambos antiagregantes. En el seguimiento el VPM y el score GRACE fueron predictores del punto combinado.
ABSTRACT Background: Antiplatelet resistance and mean platelet volume (MPV) are event predictors in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the association between both has been poorly studied. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between MPV and resistance to aspirin (ASA) and P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (P2Y12i) in elderly patients with ACS. Methods: Patients over 65 years old with diagnosis of ACS were included in the study. They were divided into group 1 (re-sistance to both antiplatelet agents), group 2 (resistance to one antiplatelet agent) and group 3 (no resistance to antiplatelet agents). Platelet aggregation was measured between 12 and 24 hours postload (by light transmission aggregometry). Resis-tance to P2Y12i was considered as maximum percentage of aggregation (MPA) with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) >60% and resistance to ASA as MPA with arachidonic acid (ARA) >20%. The composite endpoint of global death and cardiovascular re-hospitalization was considered during follow-up. Results: One hundred and ninety five patients included in the study received ASA and P2Y12i (120 received clopidogrel and 75 ticagrelor). Nineteen percent of patients belonged to group 1, 34.4% to group 2 and 46.6% to group 3. Mean platelet volume was associated with resistance to both antiplatelet agents [OR 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.05), p=0.03], while MPV and the GRACE score were independent predictors of the composite endpoint [HR 1.03 (95% CI 1.01-1.07), p=0.04] and [HR 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.04), p=0.02], respectively. Conclusions: Mean platelet volume was associated with the presence of resistance to both antiplatelet agents. During follow-up, MPV and the GRACE score were predictors of the composite endpoint.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: El Cardiac and Comorbid Conditions - Heart Failure (3C-HF) y el Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) son dos sistemas de puntaje desarrollados para predecir la mortalidad en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). El desempeño de estos puntajes ha sido poco estudiado en nuestro medio. Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño del 3C-HF y del MAGGIC para predecir la mortalidad al año en una población de pacientes con IC. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de IC ambulatorios y dados de alta luego de una internación por IC aguda atendidos en dos centros. Se calcularon los puntajes 3C-HF y MAGGIC. Se evaluó como punto final la mortalidad global al año. La capacidad de discriminación de estos puntajes se analizó a partir del cálculo del área bajo la curva (ABC) ROC, y la calidad de su calibración, aplicando el test de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Se compararon ambas ABC mediante el test de Hanley-Mc Neil. Resultados: Se incluyeron 704 pacientes con una edad promedio de 73 ± 11 años, el 39,6% eran mujeres. La mortalidad al año fue del 12,4% (n = 87). Ambos puntajes fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad, con HR de 1,03 (IC95% 1,008-1,06; p = 0,02) y 1,08 (IC95% 1,02-1,13; p = 0,004) para el puntaje 3C-HF y el MAGGIC, respectivamente. El 3C-HF presentó un ABC de 0,70 (IC95% 0,64-0,75) y el MAGGIC de 0,67 (IC95% 0,61-0,73), sin diferencias entre las ABC (p = 0,41). Ambos presentaron adecuada calibración (p = 0,06 y p = 0,32, respectivamente). Conclusión: Los puntajes 3C-HF y MAGGIC fueron predictores de mortalidad a un año, con una moderada capacidad de discriminar eventos y una adecuada calibración. No hubo diferencias en la capacidad de discriminación entre ambos puntajes.
ABSTRACT Background: The Cardiac and Comorbid Conditions - Heart Failure (3C-HF) and the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) are two score models developed to predict mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). The performance of these scores has been little studied in our setting. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the performance of the 3C-HF and the MAGGIC scores to predict one-year mortality in a population of patients with H F. Methods: Ambulatory HF patients discharged after hospitalization due to acute HF in two centers were included in the study. The 3C-HF and MAGGIC scores were calculated and one-year mortality was the study endpoint. The discrimination ability of the scores was analyzed from the calculated area under the ROC curve and their calibration quality was assessed applying the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Both areas under the ROC curve were compared using the Hanley-Mc Neil test. Results: A total of 704 patients with mean age of 73±11 years and 39.6% women were included in the study. One-year mortal-ity was 12.4% (n=87). Both scores were independent predictors of mortality, with HR of 1.03 (95% CI 1.008-1.06; p=0.02) and 1.08 (95% CI 1.02-1.13; p=0.004) for the 3C-HF and MAGGIC scores, respectively. The area under the ROC curve for the 3C-HF score was 0.70 (95% CI 0.64-0.75) and for the MAGGIC score 0.67 (95% CI 0.61-0.73), without significant differences between them (p=0.41). Both scores presented adequate calibration (p=0.06 and p=0.32, respectively). Conclusion: The 3C-HF and MAGGIC scores were predictors of one-year mortality, with a moderate ability to discriminate events and adequate calibration. The discrimination ability between both scores was not significant.
ABSTRACT
en
es
ABSTRACT
El volumen plaquetario medio (VPM) se ha descripto como un predictor de eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. No obstante, la evidencia de su rol como marcador pronóstico en pacientes añosos es escasa. Objetivo: Evaluar si el VPM es un predictor independiente de eventos en el seguimiento en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo mayores de 65 años. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo que incluyó pacientes mayores de 65 años con síndrome coronario agudo con y sin elevación del segmento ST. Se dividieron en dos grupos: VPM alto (≥ 10,9 fL - tercil 3) y VPM bajo (< 10,9 fL - terciles 1 y 2). Se analizaron diferentes variables clínicas y se calcularon los puntajes TIMI y GRACE. Se consideró el punto final combinado de mortalidad global y reinternación cardiovascular (por síndrome coronario agudo, insuficiencia cardíaca y accidente cerebrovascular) en el seguimiento. Resultados: Se incluyeron 250 pacientes con una edad promedio de 74 ± 7 años, el 44% eran mujeres. Presentaron VPM alto 85 pacientes y VPM bajo 165. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 302 días (rango intercuartil 130-558) y el punto final primario se observó en el 17,6% (44 pacientes). En el análisis multivariado por regresión de Cox, el VPM alto fue predictor independiente del punto final primario [HR 7,23 (IC 95% 2,47-11,6); p = 0,001], al igual que el TIMI riesgo alto [3,10 (IC 95% 1,46-6,59); p = 0,03] y el puntaje GRACE [1,02 (IC 95% 1,01-1,07); p = 0,002]. El VPM presentó un área bajo la curva de 0,71 (IC 95% 0,59-0,82); p = 0,001. Conclusiones: En nuestra población, el VPM se comportó como un predictor independiente del punto final combinado, ajustado por otras variables como los puntajes TIMI y GRACE.
Background: Mean platelet volume (MPV) has been described as a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, there is limited evidence of its role as prognostic marker in elderly patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether MPV is an independent predictor of events during follow-up of patients over 65 years of age with acute coronary syndrome. Methods: This prospective study included patients over 65 years with ST segment elevation or non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. They were divided into two groups: high MPV (≥10.9 fL - 3rd tertile) and low MPV (<10.9 fL - 1st and 2nd tertile). Different clinical variables were analyzed and the TIMI and GRACE scores were calculated. The primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular readmission (for acute coronary syndrome, heart failure and stroke) over the follow up period. Results: A total of 250 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 74±7 years and 44% were women. Eighty-five patients presented with high and 165 with low MPV. Median follow-up was 302 days (interquartile range 130-558) and the primary endpoint was observed in 17.6% of cases (44 patients). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, high MPV [HR 7.23 (95% CI 2.47-11.6); p=0.001], and TIMI [HR 3.10 (95% CI 1.46-6.59); p=0.03] and GRACE [HR 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.07); p=0.002] high risk scores were independent predictors of the primary endpoint. The area under the curve for MPV was 0.71 (95% CI 0.59-0.82), p=0.001. Conclusions: In our population, MPV emerged as an independent predictor of the composite endpoint, adjusted for other variables as the TIMI and GRACE scores.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. Existe una alta prevalencia de disfunción renal en la población de pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). El término síndrome cardiorrenal (SCR) define el proceso por el que la disfunción de uno de los órganos induce la disfunción del otro. El objetivo es evaluar si la presencia de SCR al ingreso hospitalario es un factor pronóstico de mala evolución intrahospitalaria (MEIH) en pacientes añosos internados por IC. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron en forma retrospectiva los pacientes de una población añosa internados desde Junio de 2009 a Marzo de 2011 en la Unidad Coronaria con diagnóstico de IC. Se separaron en 2 grupos: con SCR, definido como creatininemia mayor de 1,5 mg/dL y uremia mayor de 55 mg/dL, y sin SCR. Se consideró disfunción sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo (DSVI) a la fracción de eyección menor del 45%. Se analizaron los antecedentes, datos de ingreso y evolución intrahospitalaria. El punto final MEIH se definió como muerte intrahospitalaria, requerimiento de inotrópicos por más de 48 horas o la necesidad de asistencia respiratoria mecánica. La necesidad de diálisis o ultrafiltración no se incluyó en la MEIH para descartar una posible relación directa entre dicha complicación y el SCR. Los resultados se enuncian como media ± desvío estándar, las comparaciones se realizaron de acuerdo al tipo de variable y el análisis multivariado se llevó a cabo mediante regresión logística. Resultados. Se analizaron en total 196 pacientes (107 mujeres) con una edad de 78 ± 8,3 años, 45 con SCR (23%). Los pacientes con SCR presentaron una uremia de 125 ± 56 mg/dL y una creatininemia de 2,91 ± 2,0 mg/dL. A su vez, los 151 pacientes sin SCR tuvieron una uremia de 53 ± 23 mg/dL y una creatinina de 0,98 ± 0,29 mg/ dL. En el grupo con SCR, el 60% (27 pacientes) fueron hombres vs el 41% (62 pacientes) en el grupo sin SCR (p<0,03). No hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos con y sin SCR en los antecedentes de diabetes (31% vs 22%), hipertensión arterial (92% vs 86%), fibrilación auricular (38% vs 36%), infarto de miocardio previo (13% vs 11%), tabaquismo (10,5% vs 8,3%) y dislipidemia (40% vs 34%). Entre los pacientes con SCR, hubieron más antecedentes de anemia (47% vs 16%; p=0,0001) y menor hematocrito al ingreso (34% vs 38%; p<0,003). En tanto, no fueron significativas las diferencias entre los grupos con y sin SCR en los antecedentes de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) (16% vs 10%), en la frecuencia cardíaca al ingreso (90 ± 25 lpm vs 96± 26 lpm), en la presión arterial sistólica (151 ± 32 mm Hg vs 152 ± 34 mm Hg) y en la natremia (135 ± 7 mEq/L vs 136 mEq/L). Un total de 34 pacientes (17%) presentó MEIH, 15 en el grupo con SCR (33%) y 19 en el grupo sin SCR (13%), p=0,003. En el análisis multivariado, resultaron predictores independientes de MEIH la presencia de SCR (OR 2,89 1,23-6,79, p<0,02), la de EPOC (OR 4,88 1,63-14,56, p<0,005), la natremia (OR 0,93 0,87-0,99, p<0,03) y la frecuencia cardíaca (OR 0,98 0,96-0,99, p<0,04). La uremia y la creatininemia, que definen el SCR, fueron por su parte predictores independientes que tienden a cancelarse entre sí. Conclusión. En pacientes añosos internados por IC, el SCR, definido por la elevación simultánea de la uremia y la creatininemia, fue más frecuente en los hombres y se comportó como predictor independiente de MEIH, junto con el antecedente de EPOC, la hiponatremia y una menor frecuencia cardíaca. En tanto, el hematocrito, que se halló disminuido en el SCR, no se relacionó con la presencia de MEIH, como tampoco lo hicieron la edad avanzada ni la DSVI, tal como fuera definida en el estudio.
Background. There is a high prevalence of renal dysfunction in the population of patients with heart failure (HF). The term cardio-renal syndrome (CRS) defines the process by which a dysfunction of organs induces dysfunction of the other. The aim is to evaluate whether the presence of CRS at hospital admission is a predictor of worse in hospital outcome in elderly patients hospitalized with HF. Methods and material. Elderly patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit with a diagnosis of heart failure between June 2009 and March 2011 were selected to be included in this analysis. They were divided into two groups: with definitive CRS, defined as blood creatinine more than 1.5 mg/dL and blood urea more than 55 mg/dL and without CRS. An ejection fraction less than 45% by echocardiography (Simpson) was considered as significant systolic dysfunction. The previous patient's clinical history, condition on admittance and in hospital progress were analyzed. Worse hospital outcome (WHO) end points were defined as death, need for inotropic for more than 48 hours or the need for mechanical ventilation. The need for dialysis or ultra filtration was not considered to avoid a possible bias with that complication and CRS. The results are presented as the median ± standard deviation, the comparisons' were performed according to the type of variable and the multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression. Results. A total of 196 patients (107 women) with an average age of 78 ± 8.3 years were analyzed, 45 had CRS. Patients with CRS had a blood urea of 125 ± 56 mg/dl and a creatinine level of 2.91 ± 2.0 mg/dl. The 151 patients without CRS had a blood urea of 53 ± 23 mg/dl and a creatinine level of 0.98 ± 0.29 mg/dl. In the CRS 60% (27 patients) were men vs 41% (62 patients) in the group without CRS (p=0.03). There was no significant difference between both groups as far as diabetes (31% vs 22%), hypertension (92% vs 86%), atrial fibrillation (38% vs 36%), previous myocardial infarction (13% vs 11%), and smoking (10.5% vs 8.3%). In patients with CRS there were more with previous history of anemia and lower hematocrit at admittance (34% vs 38%, p=0.003). Whereas, there was no significant difference between the both groups in the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (16% vs 10%), heart rate at entry (90 ± 25 bpm vs 96 ± 26 bpm), arterial systolic pressure (151 ± 32 mm Hg vs 152 ± 34 mm Hg) and blood sodium (135 ± 7 mEq/L vs 136 mEq/L). A total of 34 patients (17%) meets the criteria of WHO, 15 in the group with CRS (33%) and 19 (13%) in the non CRS, p=0.003. In the multivariate analysis independent predictors of WHO were the presence of CRS (OR 2.891.23-6.79, p=0.02), COPD (OR 4.88 1.63-14.56, p=0.005), blood sodium (OR 0.93 0.87-0.99, p=0.03) and heart rate (OR 0.98 0.96-0.99, p=0.04). Although blood urea and creatinine define CRS and were independent predictors, they tended to cancel themselves out. Conclusion. In elderly patients hospitalized because of heart failure CRS, defined by simultaneous increase of blood urea and creatinine, was more frequent in males and was an independent predictor of worse outcome, as was also COPD, hyponatremia and lower heart rate. Whereas hematocrit, which was found to be low in CRS, was not related to worse development, neither was advanced age or systolic dysfunction as defined in this study.
Introdução. Existe uma alta prevalência de disfunção renal na população de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). O termo síndrome cardio-renal (SCR) define o processo pelo qual uma disfunção de órgãos induz disfunção do outro. O objetivo é avaliar se a presença de SCR na admissão é um preditor de pior evolução intra-hospitalar (PEIH) em pacientes idosos hospitalizados por insuficiência cardíaca. Material e métodos. Retrospectivamente foram incluídos pacientes idosos hospitalizados entre Junho de 2009 a Março de 2011 na Unidade de Terapia Coronariana com diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca. Foram separados em dois grupos: com SCR, definida como creatinina sérica > 1,5 mg/dL e uremia > 55 mg/dL, e sem SCR. Considerou-se disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda (DSVE) para a fração de ejeção é inferior a 45%. Foram analisados os registros, entrada de dados e resultados hospital. O ponto final PEIH foi definido como morte intra-hospitalar, o uso de inotrópicos por mais de 48 horas ou a necessidade de ventilação mecânica. A necessidade de diálise ou ultrafiltração não foi incluída no PEIH para excluir uma relação direta entre esta complicação e SCR. Os resultados são expressos como média ± desvio padrão, as comparações foram feitas de acordo com o tipo de análise multivariada variável e foi realizada utilizando regressão logística. Resultados. Foram analisados de 196 pacientes (107 mulheres) com idades entre 78 ± 8,3 anos, 45 com SCR (23%). O PT apresentou com SCR uréia e creatinina 125 ± 56 2,91 ± 2,0. Por sua vez, os 151 pacientes com SCR sem uréia foi de 53 ± 23 e creatinina de 0,98 ± 0,29. No grupo com SCR 60% (27 pacientes) eram do sexo masculino, contra 41% (62 pacientes) no grupo sem SCR (p<0,03). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos com e sem SCR na história do diabetes (31% vs 22%), hipertensão arterial (92% vs 86%), fibrilação atrial (38% vs 36%) infarto do miocárdio prévio (13% vs 11% ), tabagismo (10,5% vs 8,3%) e dislipidemia (40% vs 34%). Entre os pacientes com SCR tinha mais história de anemia (47% vs 16%, p=0,0001) e hematócrito abaixo de admissão (34% vs 38%, p<0,003). Entretanto, houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos com e sem SCR na história da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) (16% vs 10%), freqüência cardíaca no momento da admissão (90 ± 25 vs 96 ± 26), pressão arterial sistólica (151 ± 32 vs 152 ± 34) e sódio sérico (135 ± 7 vs 136). Um total de 34 pacientes (17%) teve MEIH, 15 no grupo com SCR (33%) e 19 no grupo sem SCR (13%), p=0,003. Na análise multivariada, os preditores independentes da PEIH foram a presença de SCR (OR 2,89 1,23-6,79, p<0,02), DPOC (OR 4,88 1,63-14,56, p<0,005), o sódio sérico (OR 0,93 0,87-0,99, p<0,03) e a freqüência cardíaca (OR 0,98 0,96-0,99, p<0,04). Á uréia e creatinina, que definem o SCR, foram preditores independentes, por sua vez tendem a anular-se mutuamente. Conclusão. Em pacientes idosos hospitalizados por insuficiência cardíaca, o SCR definido pela elevação simultânea de uréia e creatinina foi mais comum em homens e como um preditor independente de PEIH, juntamente com uma história de DPOC, hiponatremia e redução da freqüência cardíaca. Enquanto isso, o hematócrito foi encontrado diminuição no SCR, não relacionada com a presença de PEIH, e nem os idosos ou DSVE foi definida como no estudo.